生态学基本概念生态学（Ecology），是研究有机体与环境之间相互关系及其作用机理的科学

生物的生存、活动、繁殖需要一定的空间、物质与能量

生物在长期进化过程中，逐渐形成对周围环境某些物理条件和化学成分，如空气、光照、水分、热量和无机盐类等的特殊需要

各种生物所需要的物质、能量以及它们所适应的理化条件是不同的，这种特性称为物种的生态特性

应当指出，由于人口的快速增长和人类活动干扰对环境与资源造成的极大压力，人类迫切需要掌握生态学理论来调整人与自然、资源以及环境的关系，协调社会经济发展和生态环境的关系，促进可持续发展

任何生物的生存都不是孤立的：同种个体之间有互助有竞争；植物、动物、微生物之间也存在复杂的相生相克关系

人类为满足自身的需要，不断改造环境，环境反过来又影响人类

随着人类活动范围的扩大与多样化，人类与环境的关系问题越来越突出

因此近代生态学研究的范围，除生物个体、种群和生物群落外，已扩大到包括人类社会在内的多种类型生态系统的复合系统

人类面临的人口、资源、环境等几大问题都是生态学的研究内容

表1 关于生态学的代表性定义 Table 1 Representative definitions of ecology生态学的定义（英文）Definition of ecology (in English)译文In Chinese文献ReferencesBy ecology we mean the whole science of the relations of the organism to its surrounding outside world, which we may consider in a broader sense to mean all ‘conditions of existence’. These are partly of an organic nature and partly of an inorganic nature.生态学指有机体与外部世界的环境之间相互关系的所有科学，这在广义上指生存条件，一部分是有机性质的，另一部分是无机性质的Haeckel 1866The ecology of the organisms, the science of the whole relations of organisms to their surrounding world, towards the organic and inorganic conditions of existence; the so-called ‘economy of nature’, the interrelations of all organisms which live in one and the same place, their adaptations to their environment, their transformation through the struggle for existence有机体的生态学，即有机体与其周边世界的所有关系的科学，包括有机和无机的生存条件；所谓 ‘自然的经济学’，即生活在一个同样地方的所有有机体的相互关系，它们对环境的适应性，以及通过生存斗争的变化Haeckel 1868By ecology, we mean the science of the economy, of the household of animal organisms. This has to study the entirety of relations of the animal both to its inorganic and its organic environment, in particular the benign and hostile relations with those plants and animals with which it comes directly into contact; or, to be concise, all those intricate interrelations which Darwin calls the struggle for existence生态学指研究动物居住环境经济学的科学

这不得不研究动物与无机和有机环境之间的所有关系，特别是与与之直接接触的那些动植物之间的有益和有害的关系；或者，简单地说，所有那些达尔文称之为生存斗争的？相互关系Haeckel 1870the scientific natural history concerned with the sociology and economics of animals与动物的社会学和经济学有关的科学自然历史Elton 1927the science of all the relations of all organisms to all their environments所有生物与它们的所有环境所发生的所有关系的科学Taylor 1936the science of the inter-relation between living organisms and their environments, including both the physical and biotic environments, and emphasizing interspecies as well as intraspecies relations生物与环境之间相互作用的科学，包括物理和生物环境，强调种间和种内关系Allee et al. 1949In its broadest sense, the science of ecology can be defined as the study of the relations between plants and animals and their environment; it will then include most of biology, biochemistry and biophysics. In its narrower sense, ecology is taken to refer to the study of plant and animal communities广义地说，生态学可定义为研究植物和动物之间及其与环境之间的相互关系，它将包括生物学、生物化学和生物物理学的大部分内容，狭义地说，生态学指关于植物和动物群落的研究Clarke 1954the science which investigates organisms in relation to their environment: a philosophy in which the world of life is interpreted in terms of natural processes研究生物与其环境相互关系的科学，一种生物界用自然过程来诠释的思想体系Woodburry 1954a science which concerns itself with the inter-relationships of living organisms, plants and animals, and their environment与生物体（植物和动物）及其环境内在关系相关的科学Macfadyen 1957the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of organisms研究生物分布和丰度的科学Andrewartha 1961the study of animals and plants in relation to each other and to their environment研究动物和植物之间及其与环境之间关系的科学Kendeigh 1961, 1974the study of interactions of form, functions and factors.’研究类型、功能和因子相互作用的科学Misra 1967the study of the way in which individual organisms, populations of some species and communities of populations respond to these changes研究个体、一些物种的种群和种群形成的群落对其变化响应方式的科学Lewis and Taylor 1967the study of environmental interactions which control the welfare of living things, regulating their distribution, abundance, production and evolution研究控制生物的福利、调控其分布、丰度、生产及进化的环境相互作用的科学Petrides 1968Margalef defined ecology as the biology of ecosystemsMargalef将生态学定义为生态系统的生物学Margalef 1968the study of the structure and function of ecosystems or broadly of nature研究生态系统（或广义的自然）的结构或功能的科学的科学Odum 1971the study of ecosystems, or the totality of the reciprocal interactions between living organisms and their physical surroundings研究生态系统、生物与其物理环境之间所有相互作用的科学Clark 1973the study of relations between organisms and the totality of the biological and physical factors affecting them or influenced by them研究生物与其影响和被影响的所有生物环境、物理环境相互关系的科学Pinaka 1974athe scientific study of the relationships of living organisms with each other and with their environments研究生物之间及与环境之间相互关系的科学Southwick 1976a multidisciplinary science which deals with the organisms and its place to live and which focuses on the ecosystem关于生物和生境的多学科的科学，聚焦生态系统Smith 1977the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms研究决定生物分布和丰度的相互作用的科学Krebs 1978The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the interaction between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and matter研究影响生物分布和丰度的过程、生物之间的相互作用、以及生物与能量和物质转换和流动之间相互作用的科学Likens 1992

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