现实主义文学起源

现实主义文学起源现实主义是文学艺术的基本创作方法之一,其实际运用时间相当久远,但直到19世纪50年代才由法国画家库尔贝和作家夏夫列里作为一个名称提出来,恩格斯为“现实主义”下的定义是:除了细节的真实外,还要真实的再现典型环境中的典型人物

(1888年4月初致玛.哈克奈斯信)对现实主义的理论探讨,可以追溯到古希腊的“摹仿”说

亚里士多德在《诗学》中就已指出存在3种不同的摹仿现实的方式,第1种便是“按照事物本来的样子去摹仿”

文艺复兴时期的人文主义文艺家(阿尔贝蒂、达·芬奇、卡斯特尔韦特罗等)坚持并发展了“艺术摹仿自然”的观点

18世纪启蒙运动的代表狄德罗和莱辛从唯物主义观点出发,坚持文艺的现实基础,肯定美与真的统一,强调艺术既要依据自然又要超越自然的辩证关系

狄德罗和莱辛在《沙龙》、《画论》、《汉堡剧评》等论著中针对新古典主义束缚文艺的清规戒律,比较系统地论述了现实主义的创作原则,对近代现实主义文艺的兴起产生了促进作用

对现实主义和浪漫主义这两个对立概念的明确划分以及这两个名词的提出,却始于18世纪末和19世纪初

德国“狂飙突进”运动的代表作家席勒在著名的《论素朴的与感伤的诗》一文中,系统地总结了从古代到近代的西方文艺发展中的两种基本倾向:偏重于直接反映现实的“素朴的诗”和偏重于表现由现实提升上去的理想的“感伤的诗”

他认为两者的区别在于:前者再现现实,而后者表现理想,前者重客观,而后者重主观,并肯定这两种创作倾向可以趋于统一

席勒首次在文学领域使用“现实主义”这一名词,俄国现实主义文艺理论的奠基人别林斯基在系统总结俄国文学和世界文学发展进程的基础上,进一步论证了“现实的诗”(即现实主义文艺)与“理想的诗”(即浪漫主义文艺)的联系与区别

现实主义”这个名词之在欧洲文艺界盛行,并且形成一个以它命名的文艺流派,这是19世纪50年代在法国发生的事

1850年左右,法国画家库尔贝和小说家尚弗勒里等人初次用“现实主义”这一名词来标明当时的新型文艺,并由杜朗蒂等人创办了一种名为《现实主义》的刊物(1856~1857年,共出6期)

刊物发表了库尔贝的文艺宣言,主张作家要“研究现实”,如实描写普通人的日常生活,“不美化现实”

这派作家明确提出用现实主义这个新“标记”来代替旧“标记”浪漫主义,把狄德罗、斯丹达尔、巴尔扎克奉为创作的楷模,主张“现实主义的任务在于创造为人民的文学”,并认为文学的基本形式是“现代风格小说”

从此,才有文艺中的“现实主义”这一正式命名的流派

在文学艺术创作中,现实主义是与浪漫主义并驾齐驱两大思潮,其注重事实或现实;不受理想主义、臆测或感伤主义影响的客观过程;客观地而不凭感情地去处理思想和行动,反对一切不切实际或空想的性格

As a term of art in philosophy,realism refers to a thesis that general properties,technically known as universals,have a mode of existence or a form of reality that is in a certain sense independent of the things that possess them. Opposing theses,known as nominalism,and conceptualism,hold that universals are not real or do not properly exist,that only individuals and particulars exist,and that it is only the corresponding general concepts of thought or universal terms of language,serving as equivocal denotations of many particular things,that deceive the mind into thinking so. Philosophical realism is also referred to as Platonic realism or Scholastic realism,depending on the nuances of the particular variant in mind. In some versions of realism,in stark contrast to everyday usage,a distinction is drawn between existence and reality,based on the idea that potentials can be real but that only actuals can exist.In a separate context of discussion,realism is contrasted with both idealism and materialism,and is more controversially considered by others to be synonymous with the position in the philosophy of mind known as dualism. In recent transmogrifications of the word,realism is contrasted with anti-realism and irrealism.Increasingly these last disputes,too,are rejected as misleading,and some philosophers prefer to call the kind of realism espoused there metaphysical realism and eschew the whole debate in favour of simple naturalism or natural realism,which is not so much a theory as the position that these debates are ill-conceived,if not incoherent,and that there is no more to deciding what is really real than simply taking our words at face value.Realism in philosophy can also refer to other forms of realism such as moral realism and scientik

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